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𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗙𝗜𝗟𝗘 : /usr/share/gtk-doc/html/harfbuzz//object-model-lifecycle.html
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<title>Object lifecycle management: HarfBuzz Manual</title>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="object-model-lifecycle"></a>Object lifecycle management</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
      Each object type in HarfBuzz provides a
      <code class="function">create()</code> method. Some object types provide
      additional variants of <code class="function">create()</code> to handle
      special cases or to speed up common tasks; those variants are
      documented in the API reference. For example,
      <code class="function">hb_blob_create_from_file()</code> constructs a new
      blob directly from the contents of a file.
    </p>
<p>
      All objects are created with an initial reference count of
      <code class="literal">1</code>. Client programs can increase the reference
      count on an object by calling its
      <code class="function">reference()</code> method. Whenever a client
      program is finished with an object, it should call its 
      corresponding <code class="function">destroy()</code> method. The destroy
      method will decrease the reference count on the object and,
      whenever the reference count reaches zero, it will also destroy
      the object and free all of the associated memory.
    </p>
<p>
      All of HarfBuzz's object-lifecycle-management APIs are
      thread-safe (unless you compiled HarfBuzz from source with the
      <code class="literal">HB_NO_MT</code> configuration flag), even when the
      object as a whole is not thread-safe. 
      It is also permissible to <code class="function">reference()</code> or to 
      <code class="function">destroy()</code> the <code class="literal">NULL</code>
      value.
    </p>
<p>
      Some objects are thread-safe after they have been constructed
      and set up. The general pattern is to
      <code class="function">create()</code> the object, make a few
      <code class="function">set_*()</code> calls to set up the
      object, and then use it without further modification.
    </p>
<p>
      To ensure that such an object is not modified, client programs
      can explicitly mark an object as immutable. HarfBuzz provides
      <code class="function">make_immutable()</code> methods to mark an object
      as immutable and <code class="function">is_immutable()</code> methods to
      test whether or not an object is immutable. Attempts to use
      setter functions on immutable objects will fail silently; see the API
      Reference manual for specifics. 
    </p>
<p>
      Note also that there are no "make mutable" methods. If client
      programs need to alter an object previously marked as immutable,
      they will need to make a duplicate of the original.
    </p>
<p>
      Finally, object constructors (and, indeed, as much of the
      shaping API as possible) will never return
      <code class="literal">NULL</code>.  Instead, if there is an allocation
      error, each constructor will return an “empty” object
      singleton.
    </p>
<p>
      These empty-object singletons are inert and safe (although
      typically useless) to pass around.  This design choice avoids
      having to check for <code class="literal">NULL</code> pointers all
      throughout the code.
    </p>
<p>
      In addition, this “empty” object singleton can also be accessed
      using the <code class="function">get_empty()</code> method of the object
      type in question.
    </p>
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